CO2 Sequestration Calculation Citations
References for 'HOW MUCH CO₂ YOUR OLIVE TREES ABSORB BY YEAR'
Transparency note: For the table on our homepage titled 'How Much CO2 Your Olive Tree Absorb Each Year', we had ChatGPT help us synthesise a series of data from scientific articles + agricultural reports (cited below) to give us the best, most accurate calculation of the CO2 sequestration, AKA absorption, based on ~270 trees planted per hectare.
1. Daibo, O. (2023, March 21). Olive trees can help beat climate change. Olive Oil Times. https://www.oliveoiltimes.com/world/olive-trees-can-help-beat-climate-change/125328
2. International Olive Council. (2023). Experts will gather at the IOC to analyse the olive grove’s fundamental role in addressing climate change acting as a permanent CO2 sink. IOC News. https://www.internationaloliveoil.org/experts-will-gather-at-the-ioc-to-analyse-the-olive-groves-fundamental-role-in-addressing-climate-change-acting-as-a-permanent-co2-sink/
3. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2024). Special report: Climate change and land. https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/
4. Liétor, J., Velasco, R., & Fernández, A. (2023). Sustainability of Mediterranean olive groves. SUSTAINOLIVE: Novel approaches to promote the sustainability of olive cultivation in the Mediterranean. Research Project 2019–2023. https://sustainolive.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/ENGLISH-DIGITAL-INTERACTIVE-VERSION.pdf
5. Lopez-Bellido, P. J., Muñoz-Romero, V., & Benítez-Vega, J. (2016). Assessment of carbon sequestration and the carbon footprint in olive groves in Southern Spain. Carbon Management, 7(5–6), 315–323. https://helvia.uco.es/xmlui/handle/10396/26250
6. Massaccesi, L., Bonari, E., & Mazzoncini, M. (2018). Organic carbon pools and storage in the soil of olive groves of different age. European Journal of Soil Science, 69(1), 123–132. https://bsssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ejss.12677
7. Montanaro, G., Dichio, B., & Xiloyannis, C. (2021). Carbon sequestration potential of olive trees in Mediterranean climates: A case study from Southern Italy. Journal of Environmental Management, 295, 113028.
8. Pastor, M., Lombardo, L., & Bellavia, G. (2023). Long-term carbon fixation in olive groves: Impacts on Sicilian ecosystems. European Journal of Agronomy, 137, 126567.
9. Scandellari, F., Ventura, F., & Corelli Grappadelli, L. (2017). Carbon sequestration potential of Italian orchards and vineyards. Acta Horticulturae, 1168, 127–134. https://www.ishs.org/ishs-article/1177_19 (Published by the International Society for Horticultural Science)
10. Sdringola, P. (2014). Carbon footprint of an olive tree grove. Applied Energy, 115, 52–59. https://www.academia.edu/103561636/Carbon_footprint_of_an_olive_tree_grove
11. Sparacino, G., Romano, M., & Zinna, M. (2022). Sicilian olive agroforestry systems as a climate mitigation tool. Agricultural Systems, 197, 103351.
12. Vourdoubas, J. (2020). Estimation of carbon sequestration from olive tree groves in the island of Crete, Greece. International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research, 6(4), 345–353.
References for 'DID YOU KNOW...'
A one-way London-Paris Eurostar trip
Eurostar. (n.d.). Sustainability at Eurostar. https://www.eurostar.com/us-en/sustainability
Seat61. (n.d.). CO2 emissions of flights versus trains. https://www.seat61.com/CO2flights.htm
Transport & Environment. (2020, June 25). Rail is 10 times better than air for London–Paris route. https://www.transportenvironment.org/articles/rail-10-times-better-air-london-paris-co2-comparison
A tasting menu at a Michelin-star restaurant
Ducharme, J. (2021, October 12). How your diet contributes to climate change. TIME. https://time.com/6114999/carbon-emissions-food/
MAD Feed. (2015, October 8). The carbon footprint of eating out. https://madfeed.co/2015/10/08/the-carbon-footprint-of-eating-out/
A one-way flight from Berlin to Hamburg
Bloci Carbon. (n.d.). Flight CO2 calculator. https://blocicarbon.com/flight-calculator/
Curb6. (n.d.). Offset your carbon dioxide footprint. https://curb6.com/offset
Flight Free. (n.d.). Flight emissions calculator. https://flightfree.org/flight-emissions-calculator
International Civil Aviation Organization. (n.d.). Carbon offset programs. https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Carbonoffset/Pages/default.aspx
myclimate. (n.d.). Flight carbon footprint calculator. https://co2.myclimate.org/en/flight_calculators/new
Simon, M. (2020, January 3). Trains vs. planes: Which has the bigger carbon footprint? WIRED. https://www.wired.com/story/trains-planes-emissions-co2-comparison/
Two new smartphones
Apple Inc. (2024, September). iPhone 16 Pro and iPhone 16 Pro Max product environmental report. https://www.apple.com/environment/pdf/products/iphone/iPhone_16_Pro_and_iPhone_16_Pro_Max_PER_Sept2024.pdf
A week-long ski trip in Verbier, Switzerland
Carbon Footprint Ltd. (n.d.). Holiday footprint calculator. https://www.carbonfootprint.com/holiday_footprint.html
Ecollective. (n.d.). Ski resort carbon footprints. https://www.ecollectivecarbon.com/ski-resort-carbon-footprints
Ski Weekends. (n.d.). Verbier ski resort information. https://www.skiweekends.com/ski-resorts/verbier
Snow Family Verbier. (n.d.). Sustainable ski school in Verbier. https://www.snowfamilyverbier.com/sustainable-ski-school
Your annual European city car commute
European Parliament. (2019, March 13). CO2 emissions from cars: Facts and figures (infographics). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20190313STO31218/co2-emissions-from-cars-facts-and-figures-infographics
Ritchie, H. (2020, August 26). What’s the carbon footprint of different types of travel? Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/travel-carbon-footprint
The Nature Conservancy. (n.d.). Carbon footprint calculator. https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/carbon-footprint-calculator/
Vandenbergh, M. P., Gilligan, J. M., & Raimi, K. T. (2020). Carbon labeling: Public access and policy implications. Global Sustainability, 3, E12. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F1ED4F705AF1C6C1FCAD477398353DC2/S2059479820000125a.pdf